為經濟轉型提供人力資源支持
近20年來(lai)(lai),在面(mian)對國有企(qi)業(ye)改革脫困、產業(ye)結構調整等內部壓力(li)以及(ji)亞洲(zhou)金(jin)融危機、美國次貸(dai)危機、歐(ou)洲(zhou)債(zhai)務危機等外部沖擊(ji)時,農(nong)民工發揮其獨特優勢,一次又一次支持(chi)企(qi)穩向(xiang)好,化解(jie)了沖擊(ji)帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)的經濟和社會矛盾(dun)。
上(shang)世紀90年代,江西農民(min)工(gong)張華榮在東莞打工(gong),于2002年帶著(zhu)資金和技木返(fan)回(hui)贛州興辦(ban)鞋廠,吸(xi)納萬名農民(min)工(gong)就(jiu)業脫貧;貴州農民(min)工(gong)鄭(zheng)傳(chuan)玖到廣州打工(gong)做吉(ji)它,于2013年帶著(zhu)技術返(fan)回(hui)正(zheng)安后,正(zheng)安縣有關部(bu)門(men)通過興辦(ban)吉(ji)它工(gong)業園區給予有力(li)支持,吸(xi)納上(shang)萬名農民(min)工(gong)就(jiu)地就(jiu)業、精(jing)準脫貧。
中國(guo)勞動(dong)學會(hui)(hui)會(hui)(hui)長(chang)楊志明表示:“農(nong)業勞動(dong)力向非農(nong)產業轉移(yi)是世(shi)界工(gong)業化的(de)普遍發展規律,我國(guo)從實(shi)際(ji)出發,探索具有中國(guo)特色的(de)農(nong)民工(gong)發展道路(lu),以‘就業帶動(dong)、保障地權、漸進(jin)轉移(yi)’為(wei)鮮(xian)明特征,讓農(nong)民工(gong)進(jin)得了城、又回(hui)得了鄉。進(jin)退有據(ju)是制(zhi)度創新(xin)的(de)一大(da)亮點(dian)。”
近(jin)年來,由于工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)器(qi)人使用快速增加,沿(yan)海地(di)(di)區(qu)出現(xian)“騰(teng)籠換鳥”“機(ji)器(qi)換人”“電商換市”等轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型態勢,農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)就業(ye)(ye)形勢如何(he)?中(zhong)國(guo)勞動(dong)(dong)關(guan)系學院(yuan)校(xiao)長(chang)劉向兵(bing)表示,農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)群體繼續(xu)積極利用自身的(de)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和靈活就業(ye)(ye)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)迎接產業(ye)(ye)結構(gou)調整等各項挑戰。楊志明提出,經(jing)過在城市打工(gong)(gong)磨(mo)煉和積累,有點(dian)資金(jin)、技(ji)術(shu)、營銷(xiao)渠(qu)道、辦(ban)廠(chang)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和鄉(xiang)土情感的(de)“五(wu)有”農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)持(chi)續(xu)返(fan)鄉(xiang)創業(ye)(ye)成為振興鄉(xiang)村的(de)生力(li)(li)(li)(li)軍,率先破解中(zhong)西(xi)部(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)長(chang)期留(liu)不(bu)住勞動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)、縣域經(jing)濟(ji)招商引資簽得多(duo)見效(xiao)少(shao)、東部(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)勞動(dong)(dong)密集產業(ye)(ye)向西(xi)部(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移落(luo)(luo)地(di)(di)少(shao)的(de)難題,有效(xiao)解決農(nong)(nong)村“三留(liu)守(shou)”突(tu)出問題。農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)的(de)城鄉(xiang)“自由流(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)”機(ji)制(zhi)有利于市場合理配置勞動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)資源。在應(ying)對經(jing)濟(ji)新常態時,農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)或與(yu)企業(ye)(ye)抱團取(qu)暖,或就地(di)(di)參加技(ji)能(neng)培(pei)訓,或回到農(nong)(nong)村尋(xun)找落(luo)(luo)腳之地(di)(di),為經(jing)濟(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型提供人力(li)(li)(li)(li)資源支持(chi)。
加速市民化職業化步伐
農(nong)(nong)民工(gong)群體釋放(fang)的人口(kou)紅利是(shi)中國經(jing)濟發展(zhan)的重(zhong)要源泉,是(shi)推(tui)動中國工(gong)業化和城市化建(jian)設的主力軍。然而,農(nong)(nong)民工(gong)發展(zhan)存(cun)在不平衡不充(chong)分(fen)的問(wen)題,解決農(nong)(nong)民工(gong)發展(zhan)問(wen)題已成(cheng)為當下必須完成(cheng)的時(shi)代使(shi)命。
楊(yang)志(zhi)明(ming)提出,目前,農民工總體上已進(jin)入(ru)(ru)以(yi)技(ji)能促就業(ye)、以(yi)公共服務促融(rong)入(ru)(ru)階段,提升農民工市民化和職業(ye)化程度是當務之急。
“在(zai)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)市民(min)化建設方面,存在(zai)‘三低(di)(di)兩多(duo)(duo)’難題。小企(qi)業(ye)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)勞動合同簽訂率較(jiao)低(di)(di),參加城(cheng)鎮職(zhi)工(gong)社會保險比例(li)較(jiao)低(di)(di),一線工(gong)資水(shui)平總體較(jiao)低(di)(di),在(zai)高危行業(ye)、污(wu)染企(qi)業(ye)工(gong)傷事故和(he)職(zhi)業(ye)病較(jiao)多(duo)(duo),勞動爭議較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)。”楊志明表示。
在農民工職業技(ji)能提(ti)升(sheng)方面,存在技(ji)能培訓相對薄弱,技(ji)能水平總體偏低(di),多數從(cong)事中低(di)端勞(lao)動,就業穩定性差等問題。有些用(yong)人單(dan)位不(bu)夠重(zhong)視(shi)農民工人力資本提(ti)升(sheng),技(ji)能培訓不(bu)足。
對此,楊志明概括地(di)提出了(le)農(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)市民(min)(min)化推進的(de)(de)“十有(you)(you)”途經:進城有(you)(you)工(gong)(gong)作,上(shang)崗有(you)(you)技(ji)能(neng),勞動有(you)(you)合(he)同(tong),收(shou)入有(you)(you)增(zeng)長,參保(bao)有(you)(you)辦(ban)法(fa),子女有(you)(you)教育(yu),住宿有(you)(you)改善(shan),維權(quan)有(you)(you)渠(qu)道,生活有(you)(you)文(wen)化,發(fa)展(zhan)有(you)(you)目標。應當加大支持(chi)農(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)就業、創業的(de)(de)扶助力度,通(tong)過減費降(jiang)稅等(deng)“真金白銀(yin)”的(de)(de)政策落地(di),使中小企業成為農(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)就業主渠(qu)道。
農(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)市民(min)化建設(she)離不開權益保障。對此,劉向兵提出(chu),我(wo)們應當充分結(jie)合農(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)就業特點,加強(qiang)企業、行業和社區工(gong)(gong)(gong)會組織的建設(she),提升農(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)入會率。監督(du)用人單位及時(shi)足(zu)額發放勞(lao)動報酬(chou)、改善(shan)勞(lao)動環境、足(zu)額繳納社會保險費,做好(hao)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的失業登記、職業介(jie)紹、職業培訓及法律援(yuan)助等工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),暢通農(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)益訴(su)求渠道。
在職業(ye)化(hua)建設方面(mian),中國人(ren)民大學勞動人(ren)事學院院長(chang)楊偉國提出(chu),“政府應探(tan)索建立貫(guan)通普通教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)與(yu)職業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)、貫(guan)通國民教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)與(yu)社(she)會(hui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)、貫(guan)通線下教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)與(yu)線上教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)終生學習戰略。”加強農民工職業(ye)培(pei)訓體系建設和人(ren)力(li)資(zi)本投資(zi),深化(hua)職業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)改革,積極引(yin)導行業(ye)組織(zhi)、企業(ye)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機構等社(she)會(hui)力(li)量參與(yu)農民工職業(ye)技能的(de)培(pei)訓,拓寬農民工職業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)路徑。
應著力保障新就業形態農民工權益
隨著中國進入后工業(ye)(ye)發展階段,新(xin)(xin)舊動能加速轉換(huan),新(xin)(xin)技術、新(xin)(xin)業(ye)(ye)態層出不窮(qiong),先進制造業(ye)(ye)和新(xin)(xin)型建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)正在規模化吸納新(xin)(xin)生代農(nong)(nong)民工技工,現代服務業(ye)(ye)新(xin)(xin)業(ye)(ye)態正成為(wei)吸納農(nong)(nong)民工就業(ye)(ye)的大產業(ye)(ye)。
“靈活(huo)雇傭的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)已經成為一(yi)種趨勢,促進了勞動(dong)分工精細化,擴大(da)了農(nong)民(min)工的(de)就業(ye)渠道,推(tui)動(dong)了新(xin)經濟(ji)模式(shi)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。”首(shou)都經濟(ji)貿易大(da)學勞動(dong)經濟(ji)學院院長馮喜良表示。
然(ran)而(er),新就業形態(tai)也給農民(min)(min)工的權益(yi)保障(zhang)帶來了新問題,農民(min)(min)工就業狀況(kuang)較(jiao)不(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)(ding),勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)關系難認定(ding)(ding),勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)保障(zhang)存在(zai)缺失,勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)條件較(jiao)差,勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)保護(hu)不(bu)(bu)足,勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)管理不(bu)(bu)到(dao)位(wei)。
“我們(men)不(bu)能將新就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)視為農民工(gong)(gong)權(quan)益(yi)保護缺失的(de)(de)(de)代名詞。不(bu)能把新就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)視為非正(zheng)規就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)、非標準(zhun)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)、非典型(xing)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)、非主流就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye),不(bu)能給新就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)賦予負面(mian)(mian)消極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)含義(yi)。”楊偉國(guo)表示。在新的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)市場(chang)(chang)中,我們(men)應充分挖(wa)掘數字技術潛(qian)力(li),著力(li)幫助農民工(gong)(gong)順利轉換(huan)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)。提供實時的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)市場(chang)(chang)信息(xi),確(que)保工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機會的(de)(de)(de)連續性。應當強化工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)市場(chang)(chang)監控,適(shi)應新形(xing)(xing)勢,修正(zheng)法律法規體(ti)系(xi),加強對物(wu)理與虛擬工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平臺的(de)(de)(de)監管,保障農民工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利與工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)條件,確(que)保體(ti)面(mian)(mian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。
“我們(men)應(ying)當構建新的制度(du)框架。新就業(ye)形態所面臨的問(wen)題(ti)在現有的制度(du)框架中尚未涵蓋。我們(men)可(ke)以(yi)探(tan)索(suo)以(yi)權責對(dui)(dui)等(deng)為(wei)基本原則(ze),即對(dui)(dui)于農(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)用工(gong)(gong)企業(ye),按(an)照‘誰受益誰承擔(dan),受益多(duo)(duo)少承擔(dan)多(duo)(duo)少’的要求保(bao)障農(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)權益。”馮喜良提(ti)出(chu),針對(dui)(dui)目前最需要解決(jue)的靈(ling)活雇傭(yong)中農(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)傷保(bao)險問(wen)題(ti),應(ying)當分(fen)階段逐步建立靈(ling)活的工(gong)(gong)傷保(bao)險制度(du)。可(ke)以(yi)探(tan)索(suo)以(yi)社(she)平(ping)(ping)工(gong)(gong)資和(he)私營企業(ye)工(gong)(gong)資平(ping)(ping)均水平(ping)(ping)為(wei)基數(shu)繳費,為(wei)農(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)提(ti)供城(cheng)鎮職工(gong)(gong)社(she)會(hui)保(bao)障。
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