隨著一大批(pi)懷(huai)揣夢想的人才(cai)(cai)加入,新型職業(ye)農(nong)民(min)呈(cheng)現出與傳統農(nong)民(min)不一樣的特點(dian)。過去農(nong)業(ye)生產以產量(liang)為(wei)導向(xiang),人才(cai)(cai)培養更關(guan)注數量(liang)規模,重點(dian)在切蛋糕(gao)、分資金、下任務;現在農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村統籌發展,步入高質量(liang)發展階(jie)段(duan),人才(cai)(cai)培養也要圍(wei)繞(rao)提升質量(liang),向(xiang)建機制、定(ding)規范轉變。
日前(qian),農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村部(bu)啟動(dong)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民培育(yu)(yu)3年(nian)提質增(zeng)效(xiao)行動(dong),推(tui)動(dong)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民培育(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型升級,從注(zhu)重(zhong)數量(liang)向數量(liang)質量(liang)并重(zhong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變。中(zhong)央一號文件已(yi)連續8年(nian)對培育(yu)(yu)新(xin)型職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民作出(chu)部(bu)署(shu),讓農(nong)民從幾千(qian)年(nian)的(de)身份(fen)認(ren)同向職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)認(ren)同轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變。職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民有何特征,又應該如何培育(yu)(yu)?建立職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民制度要(yao)從哪些方(fang)面發力(li)?經濟(ji)日報·中(zhong)國經濟(ji)網記者(zhe)采訪了有關專家和(he)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)經營主體。
新農民要干新農事
“談到鄉(xiang)村振興,人(ren)們(men)多強(qiang)調對鄉(xiang)村發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)投入,其(qi)實人(ren)力資(zi)本投入更重(zhong)要(yao)。”國(guo)務(wu)院發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)研究中心農村部部長(chang)葉興慶認(ren)為,新(xin)世(shi)紀以來,我(wo)國(guo)農村青壯年(nian)勞動(dong)力大(da)規模從(cong)鄉(xiang)村流(liu)向城鎮。其(qi)特點是年(nian)輕的(de)(de)(de)和(he)文化(hua)(hua)程度(du)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)性大(da),年(nian)齡大(da)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)程度(du)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)沉淀(dian)在農村。務(wu)農老齡化(hua)(hua)低(di)學歷(li)化(hua)(hua),使得(de)“誰(shui)來種地”的(de)(de)(de)問題日益突出,迫切需要(yao)建設一支高(gao)素質(zhi)新(xin)型職(zhi)業農民隊伍。
按照規(gui)劃,“十三五”期間全國要(yao)培育職(zhi)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)2000萬名。“這就要(yao)求持續擴大各(ge)類型職(zhi)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)規(gui)模(mo),但(dan)更(geng)(geng)重要(yao)的(de)(de)是要(yao)著力優化(hua)素質(zhi)結構(gou)。”農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村部科技教育司司長廖西元說,從部分地區(qu)抽樣統計看,目前農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村從業(ye)者的(de)(de)素質(zhi)結構(gou)不(bu)容(rong)樂觀。在(zai)年齡結構(gou)上,各(ge)地務(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)50歲以上的(de)(de)普遍超過(guo)90%,很多地區(qu)平(ping)均年齡已突破60歲。在(zai)教育程度(du)上,農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)從業(ye)者初中以下文化(hua)程度(du)普遍占到90%至(zhi)95%。因此,職(zhi)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)培育必須(xu)更(geng)(geng)加注(zhu)重后繼(ji)者培養,采(cai)取(qu)超常規(gui)政策措施,把勞(lao)動者素質(zhi)優化(hua)到與發展(zhan)現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)相匹配(pei)的(de)(de)水平(ping)。
隨(sui)著(zhu)一大批懷揣夢想的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)才(cai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)入,新型(xing)職業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)呈現(xian)出與傳統農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)不(bu)一樣的(de)(de)(de)特點。“父(fu)輩做農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min),一年四季圍著(zhu)大田作物(wu)轉。如今,我當(dang)了農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min),卻總是想著(zhu)新農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)要干新農(nong)(nong)事。”這是返鄉創業退伍(wu)軍人(ren)賴志剛的(de)(de)(de)心聲。33歲的(de)(de)(de)賴志剛在江西省(sheng)定南縣(xian)天九鎮流(liu)轉了200多畝土地,建起了藍(lan)莓莊園,每逢周末,采摘的(de)(de)(de)游客絡繹不(bu)絕(jue)。他對市場極為敏感(gan)。這種敏感(gan),讓他在最初單一的(de)(de)(de)藍(lan)莓之(zhi)外,加(jia)(jia)(jia)入了枇(pi)杷、櫻桃等(deng)當(dang)紅水(shui)果。藍(lan)莓不(bu)易(yi)儲存(cun),他就把鮮藍(lan)莓加(jia)(jia)(jia)工成(cheng)附(fu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)值高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)藍(lan)莓汁(zhi)、藍(lan)莓酒,并用“電商+直播(bo)”模式,在線上銷售。
如今,職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)在(zai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村的(de)輻(fu)射帶動作用也更加(jia)凸顯。在(zai)提升產(chan)業(ye)(ye)效益方(fang)面,四川(chuan)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)效益比普通農(nong)(nong)民(min)高出20%,甘(gan)肅(su)面向貧困戶(hu)開展(zhan)一戶(hu)一個(ge)科技明白人培訓,有力支撐了全省農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)。在(zai)促進(jin)新型(xing)主(zhu)體(ti)發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)面,山(shan)東每(mei)年(nian)培育的(de)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)領辦(ban)興辦(ban)新型(xing)經(jing)營(ying)主(zhu)體(ti)超過1萬家,陜西新型(xing)經(jing)營(ying)主(zhu)體(ti)由(you)2013年(nian)的(de)2.42萬個(ge)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)到5.54萬個(ge)。在(zai)推動創業(ye)(ye)創新方(fang)面,河南參加(jia)培訓的(de)學員自主(zhu)創業(ye)(ye)率增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)20%以(yi)上,湖南創業(ye)(ye)培訓學員帶動普通農(nong)(nong)民(min)戶(hu)均增(zeng)(zeng)收5000元。
創新機制提升質量
“過去農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)以產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)為(wei)導向(xiang),人(ren)才培養(yang)更關(guan)注數量(liang)規模(mo),重點(dian)在切蛋糕(gao)、分資金(jin)、下任(ren)務;現在農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村統籌發展(zhan),步入(ru)高質量(liang)發展(zhan)階段(duan),人(ren)才培養(yang)也要圍繞提升(sheng)質量(liang),向(xiang)建(jian)機制、定規范(fan)轉變。”廖(liao)西元認為(wei),要創新職業(ye)農(nong)民培訓(xun)模(mo)式,以產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)發展(zhan)為(wei)立足點(dian),以生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技能(neng)和經(jing)營管理(li)水平(ping)提升(sheng)為(wei)兩條主線(xian),分階段(duan)集中培訓(xun)、實習實訓(xun)、參(can)觀考察和生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)實踐,培訓(xun)過程至少涵蓋一個產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)周期。
目前,全國已基本形成農業(ye)部(bu)門(men)牽頭,以公益性培(pei)(pei)訓機構為主(zhu)體(ti),市場(chang)力量參與(yu)的“一(yi)主(zhu)多元”職業(ye)農民(min)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)培(pei)(pei)訓體(ti)系。江蘇開展“定制村官”培(pei)(pei)養(yang)、湖北實施(shi)“一(yi)村多名(ming)大(da)學生(sheng)計劃(hua)”、安徽聯合農業(ye)大(da)學培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)青年農場(chang)主(zhu),探(tan)索實現短期(qi)培(pei)(pei)訓與(yu)職業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的銜接機制,高端職業(ye)農民(min)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)邁出新步伐。國家農業(ye)擔保公司、郵儲銀(yin)行、中信農業(ye)等(deng)企業(ye)積極參與(yu)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)工作,為職業(ye)農民(min)發展注入市場(chang)動能。
農(nong)業廣播電視學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)是我國(guo)惟(wei)一一所(suo)具有從中(zhong)央到省、市、縣(xian)完整(zheng)辦(ban)學(xue)體(ti)系的公益性教育(yu)(yu)培訓(xun)(xun)(xun)機構,且專(zhuan)門從事農(nong)民教育(yu)(yu)培訓(xun)(xun)(xun)。中(zhong)央農(nong)業廣播電視學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)黨委書記杭大鵬(peng)說,農(nong)廣校(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)系已成(cheng)為承(cheng)(cheng)擔職(zhi)業農(nong)民培訓(xun)(xun)(xun)的主陣地(di)(di)。2018年(nian),全國(guo)共有1484所(suo)農(nong)廣校(xiao)(xiao)承(cheng)(cheng)擔培訓(xun)(xun)(xun)任務,占(zhan)全國(guo)農(nong)廣校(xiao)(xiao)總(zong)數的66.3%。體(ti)系承(cheng)(cheng)擔培訓(xun)(xun)(xun)任務60.18萬(wan)人(ren),占(zhan)全國(guo)任務總(zong)量62.24%。今后農(nong)廣校(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)系將(jiang)通過全國(guo)新型職(zhi)業農(nong)民培育(yu)(yu)示范基(ji)地(di)(di)遴(lin)選,田間學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)建(jian)設,引領帶動各類(lei)培育(yu)(yu)基(ji)地(di)(di)更好地(di)(di)發揮作用。
育(yu)(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(北京)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)技有限公司是一(yi)家農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)構,集培訓(xun)學(xue)院、聚農(nong)(nong)智庫、校企(qi)實訓(xun)為(wei)一(yi)體。公司與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)大(da)學(xue)合辦鄉村振興青年(nian)菁英班,組織農(nong)(nong)大(da)學(xue)子與(yu)青年(nian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)家、新(xin)(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)民等同堂(tang)上課,邀請行業(ye)(ye)專(zhuan)家授課,到現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)企(qi)考察,對(dui)接校企(qi)實訓(xun)項目,幫助(zhu)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)人才(cai)加快(kuai)成長(chang)。公司業(ye)(ye)務負責人劉亮說:“我們(men)還建立了在線學(xue)堂(tang)小(xiao)滿(man)學(xue)院,通過品牌營銷、創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)經驗等知識(shi)分享,幫助(zhu)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)民了解創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)過程中(zhong)(zhong)需掌握哪些(xie)知識(shi)、避(bi)開什(shen)么坑,讓他們(men)能站在消費者(zhe)的角度(du)去把(ba)控生產。”
探索建立制度框架
2019年(nian)(nian),中央財政安排20億元,聚焦(jiao)鄉村振興人(ren)才(cai)需求,分(fen)層分(fen)類實施(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)理人(ren)、新(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)營主體帶(dai)頭人(ren)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)村實用(yong)人(ren)才(cai)和(he)現(xian)代(dai)創業(ye)(ye)創新(xin)青(qing)年(nian)(nian)等培育計劃,全年(nian)(nian)將培育職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民100萬人(ren)以上。農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村部提出,今年(nian)(nian)將探索建立職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民制(zhi)度框架,繼續從隊伍建設、教育培養、政策(ce)支(zhi)持和(he)社(she)會保障等方面推(tui)動建立職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民制(zhi)度,多渠(qu)道支(zhi)持職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民發展(zhan)。同時,啟動制(zhi)定(ding)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民總體標準,配套開(kai)展(zhan)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民統計和(he)監測工作,研究(jiu)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民從業(ye)(ye)規范。
上(shang)海市提出要在全國(guo)率先建立職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)民制度。上(shang)海市農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村委員會副主任葉軍平說,全面建立職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)民制度,加大(da)產(chan)業(ye)扶(fu)持政策(ce)是(shi)保證。在上(shang)海,職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)民有(you)享受扶(fu)持政策(ce)的優先權,并(bing)作為市級示范家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)場(chang)評定(ding)的必要條件。浦東新區在土地流轉、農(nong)(nong)機具購買、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)基(ji)礎設施建設等方(fang)面給予(yu)職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)民優惠政策(ce);松江區對家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)場(chang)每年安排專項(xiang)資金(jin)給予(yu)獎補;崇明區在產(chan)業(ye)化項(xiang)目扶(fu)持方(fang)面,對職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)民投(tou)入專項(xiang)資金(jin),對于經營糧(liang)食的家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)場(chang),每年有(you)特設考核獎。
農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)人(ren)是(shi)新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)中的(de)佼(jiao)佼(jiao)者。四(si)川省(sheng)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)廳總畜牧師趙(zhao)勇介(jie)紹(shao),四(si)川把職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)制度的(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)重點放在(zai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)人(ren)上,探索農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)人(ren)全方位扶持(chi)政策。在(zai)職(zhi)(zhi)稱評定方面,優先把認(ren)定的(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)人(ren)納入職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)職(zhi)(zhi)稱評定范圍。在(zai)生(sheng)產扶持(chi)領(ling)域,支持(chi)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)人(ren)所(suo)在(zai)經(jing)(jing)營主體優先承接(jie)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)基礎設(she)(she)施建(jian)設(she)(she)、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產發展等(deng)相關支農(nong)(nong)項目。
廖西元(yuan)認為,要(yao)支持職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民抱團發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。加強對新型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民協(xie)會、聯合(he)(he)(he)會、創業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)聯盟等(deng)組(zu)織的指導(dao)和(he)服(fu)務,支持新型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民在產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、生產服(fu)務、營銷促銷等(deng)方面開展(zhan)(zhan)聯合(he)(he)(he)與合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),幫助健(jian)全管理制(zhi)度、完善運行機制(zhi),促進職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民共同發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan);鼓勵其(qi)興辦合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)組(zu)織。引導(dao)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民通過(guo)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、資金合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、股份(fen)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)等(deng)形(xing)式發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)多元(yuan)化、多類型(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)經(jing)濟組(zu)織,綜合(he)(he)(he)運用(yong)政策引導(dao)、項目扶持、金融服(fu)務等(deng)手段(duan),積極培(pei)育家庭農(nong)場(chang)、農(nong)民合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)社等(deng)新型(xing)(xing)經(jing)營主體。
推薦閱讀